Red-shouldered Hawk

Buteo lineatus

Order: Accipitriformes / Family: Accipitridae

Wikimedia Commons

red brown black white large raptor forest wetland common widespread year-round urban

About the Red-shouldered Hawk

The Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) is a medium-sized raptor that plays a critical role in its ecosystem by controlling rodent and small mammal populations. This species is distinguished by its broad wings and long tail, featuring a striking pattern of black and white bands. Native to North America, the Red-shouldered Hawk predominantly inhabits deciduous woodlands, particularly favoring areas near water sources. In eastern North America, these hawks are commonly found in the forests of the eastern United States extending into southern Canada, while in the west, their range includes parts of California and Oregon. Their presence is vital for maintaining the ecological balance, as they regulate the populations of small animals like mice, voles, and even some small birds. The Red-shouldered Hawk exhibits seasonal behaviors that reflect their adaptability to changing environments. During the breeding season, pairs become highly territorial, often returning to the same nesting sites year after year. In contrast, the non-breeding season sees some northern populations migrating southward to avoid harsh winters, whereas southern populations tend to remain in their territories year-round. This species' adaptability to varied environments and climates highlights its ecological significance as both a predator and an indicator of forest health. Their conservation status remains stable due to this adaptability, although habitat destruction poses an ongoing threat. Efforts to preserve wetland and forest habitats are essential to maintaining healthy populations of the Red-shouldered Hawk.

The Red-shouldered Hawk belongs to the family Accipitridae, within the order Accipitriformes. These birds typically live average lifespan is around 15 years, with a maximum recorded of 19 years..

How to Identify a Red-shouldered Hawk

Identifying the Red-shouldered Hawk involves observing several key field marks. Adults possess a distinctive rust-colored patch on their upper wings, or shoulders, which is most visible when the bird is perched. Their underparts are a pale, reddish-brown with fine barring, and their tails are marked with bold black and white bands. Juveniles differ by having a more mottled brown appearance, with less pronounced red on the shoulders and a more streaked breast. Male and female Red-shouldered Hawks are similar in appearance, though females are slightly larger. In flight, the Red-shouldered Hawk's silhouette is broad-winged and long-tailed, with wings held in a slight upward angle. When perched, they appear upright and alert, often scanning their surroundings from a prominent branch. Confusion may arise with the Broad-winged Hawk or the Red-tailed Hawk, but the Red-shouldered Hawk's distinctive wing and tail patterns, along with its characteristic call, aid in proper identification.

Having trouble telling birds apart? Upload a photo to our bird identification tool for an instant species match.

Red-shouldered Hawk Habitat and Range

Preferred Habitat

Red-shouldered Hawks are most commonly associated with mature deciduous and mixed woodlands, especially those near rivers and streams. They thrive in habitats that offer a mosaic of forested areas and open spaces, such as wetlands and forest edges. In the eastern United States, these hawks are often found in bottomland hardwood forests, while in the west, they favor riparian woodlands. Their preference for a water source is typically due to the abundance of prey in such areas. Though primarily forest dwellers, Red-shouldered Hawks can adapt to suburban environments where mature trees are present. Seasonal habitat shifts are minimal for southern populations, but northern populations may migrate to more temperate zones during winter.

Geographic Range

The breeding range of the Red-shouldered Hawk spans across the eastern United States, from the Great Lakes region to Florida, with a separate population in California and parts of Oregon. During the winter, northern populations migrate to the southern United States, particularly the Gulf Coast and central Mexico. The western group is mostly non-migratory, remaining within their established territories throughout the year. Notable population density hotspots include the southeastern United States and California's coastal zones. Migration corridors often follow major river systems, providing essential stopover habitats.

Want to know which birds visit your area? Browse our backyard birds by location guides for region-specific species lists.

What Does the Red-shouldered Hawk Eat?

The Red-shouldered Hawk's diet mainly consists of small mammals, such as mice and voles, which they hunt from perches or during low flights. In addition to mammals, they prey on amphibians, reptiles, and occasionally small birds. Seasonal variations in diet occur, with a higher consumption of amphibians and reptiles during warmer months. Their hunting technique involves a keen observation from a high perch, followed by a swift descent to capture prey. Hawks typically hunt during the day, with peak activity in the morning and late afternoon.

Red-shouldered Hawk Behavior and Social Structure

Red-shouldered Hawks exhibit a range of behaviors that underscore their adaptability and territorial nature. They are generally solitary outside of the breeding season, but during breeding, pairs become highly territorial and engage in elaborate courtship displays, including circling flights and vocalizations. Territorial disputes often involve loud calls and aerial chases. These hawks defend their nests vigorously from potential threats, including other raptors and predators. Their daily activity patterns are diurnal, with hunting and foraging occurring during daylight hours. In response to predators, they may mob intruders or retreat to dense foliage for cover.

Red-shouldered Hawk Nesting and Reproduction

The nesting habits of Red-shouldered Hawks are characterized by their preference for building large stick nests high in trees, often near water. Both sexes participate in nest construction, using twigs and lining the interior with bark and leaves. Clutch size typically ranges from 2 to 4 eggs, with the female primarily responsible for incubation over a period of approximately 33 days. After hatching, both parents contribute to feeding the chicks. The fledging period lasts about 5 to 6 weeks, after which juveniles remain dependent on their parents for a short time. Generally, Red-shouldered Hawks produce one brood per year, although some may attempt a second if conditions are favorable.

Red-shouldered Hawk Sounds and Vocalizations

The vocalizations of the Red-shouldered Hawk are distinctive and serve various purposes. Their primary call is a high-pitched, repetitive 'kee-aah,' often used during territorial displays or when alarmed. This call is sharp and carries well across distances, making it a common sound in their habitats. They also produce a series of short, sharp notes as a warning when predators approach the nest. During the dawn chorus, their calls can be heard echoing through wooded areas, contributing to the natural soundscape. Comparatively, their calls are less harsh than those of the Red-tailed Hawk.

Interesting Facts About the Red-shouldered Hawk

1Red-shouldered Hawks can live up to 20 years in the wild, showcasing their adaptability and resilience.
2The species is known for its distinctive call, often likened to a 'kee-aah' scream, which can be heard from over a mile away.
3Red-shouldered Hawks exhibit site fidelity, often returning to the same nesting area year after year.
4This hawk's diet includes a fascinating variety of prey, from mammals to amphibians, highlighting its ecological versatility.
5During courtship, Red-shouldered Hawks perform dramatic aerial displays, including mutual soaring and talon clasping.
6They are one of the few raptors that can thrive in suburban environments, provided suitable tree cover exists.
7Red-shouldered Hawks play a vital role in controlling pest populations, benefiting both natural and agricultural ecosystems.

Red-shouldered Hawk Conservation Status

The Red-shouldered Hawk is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, with population trends generally stable across its range. However, the species faces threats from habitat destruction due to urban expansion and deforestation. Conservation efforts focus on preserving wetland and forested habitats, which are critical for their survival. Historically, populations declined due to pesticide use, but numbers have rebounded following regulatory changes. Continued protection of their natural habitats will be essential for maintaining stable population levels.